Internet commerce and current tax code essays

Web trade and current expense code papers Web trade and the complexities of agreeing to state deals and use charge laws At the point when a resident of a state buys products from a seller out of the state, as a rule they don't pay any business expense to either state included. Until decently as of late in our countries history, these exchanges were made through index merchants and spoke to such a modest quantity of lost assessment income that state charge organizations were not worried enough to make any move. The expansion of solid and dependable electronic trade (online business) innovations in the late 1990s changed the condition fairly. Presently the volume capability of interstate retail exchanges can possibly match the conventional physical retail channels. The blend of developing piece of the pie for web based business organizations and cooling monetary conditions has numerous states stressed over deals charge salary. This has most state burdening specialists asking how, if by any stretch of the imagination, web based business exchanges ought to be burdened? There is a lot of discussion on this subject among charge authorities, lawyers, legislators, and both web based business and conventional retailers. As I would see it, E-trade exchanges ought to be burdened as some other interstate retail exchange. To guarantee the correct assortment of deals and use charges, internet business organizations ought to be required to gather deals charge for every one of the fifty states. So as to make this necessity strategically sensible, states should drastically disentangle their deals and use charge code. There is a general misinterpretation inside the general population on the idea of interstate web based business exchanges and deals charge. The vast majority accept that in the event that they buy items from an out of state organization by means of the web, at that point the deal is tax exempt. This recognition is brought about by certain particulars of how tax assessment is customarily dealt with for interstate exchanges. Deals charge locale is goal based. The physical area of the buyer figures out who is ... <!

Cultural Diversity Theory & Practice In Work Environment - Sample

Question: Talk about the Cultural Diversity Theory Practice In Work Environment. Answer: Presentation The intelligent paper tends to measurements, hypotheses of social decent variety and how it impact authority andmanagement choices in workplaces. Globalization has prompted social cooperation among people of various different convictions, societies and foundations (Barak, M. 2016, 34). Social decent variety speaks to an assortment of human likenesses and contrasts in associations. It is known to be a basic factor in upgrading imagination and amplifying yields from a different representative populace. Associations from various nations are as of now searching for better methods of yielding seriousness and efficiency from its dissimilar workforce. Authority and esteeming social decent variety are key fixings inmanagement HR in associations (Suedekum, J. Wolf, K. Blien, U. 2014, 46). Unmanaged social decent variety in work spots can bring unsure conditions a formula for not accomplishing hierarchical objectives. Social assorted variety: hypothesis and practice Social assorted variety is clarified dependent on speculations and relevant systems. From the taking in results assorted variety begins from various social personalities and gathering individuals attributes. It is these personalities that are characterized by a few measurements (essential, auxiliary and tertiary) (Barak, M. 2016, 34). The essential measurement shapes ones mental self portrait for instance sex, age, race, and sexual direction, mental and physical capacities. The optional measurements in people are quiet and advance essential measurements. The optional measurements straightforwardly impacts self-definition and confidence for instance religion, first language, instruction back ground, family status and work understanding. The tertiary measurement starts from recorded encounters, minutes and observations. A different workforce is helpful part in conveying an incentive among representatives in associations. Pioneers are required to rehearse diversitymanagement in their associations by making a protected and reasonable condition where every representative is open to difficulties and openings (Pieterse, A. Van Knippenberg, D. Van Dierendonck, D. 2013, 45). They have to recognize changes in working environment and utilize authority moves toward that help amplify and underwrite working environment assorted variety. A few changes in enactments and rights support have made positive open doors on how social decent variety is overseen and advanced (Trster, C. Mehra, A. van Knippenberg, D. 2014, 67). The joining of assorted social in association arrangements has prompted diminished claims, less separations, upgraded unique rights and obligations among the workers. From the learning result in class it realized that positive decent variety can be advanced through correspondence forms. Representat ives require to be furnished with a reasonable domain in which they can convey (Trster, C. Mehra, A. van Knippenberg, D. 2014, 67). Likewise pioneers need to execute great social decent variety arrangements and projects to build representatives openness to data and openings. End Social assorted variety is an impression of a powerful work spot and work advertise. Multifaceted groups carry an incentive to associations when positive social assorted variety is advanced. Pioneers need to move toward social decent variety has fixing to progress by including it in administrative choices. It can prompt better execution and efficiency in associations. References Barak, M.E., 2016. Overseeing assorted variety: Toward a universally comprehensive work environment. Sage Publications Pieterse, A., Van Knippenberg, D. what's more, Van Dierendonck, D., 2013. Social assorted variety and group execution: The job of colleague objective direction. Institute ofManagement Journal, 56(3), pp.782-804 Suedekum, J., Wolf, K. what's more, Blien, U., 2014. Social assorted variety and neighborhood work markets. Local Studies, 48(1), pp.173-191 Trster, C., Mehra, A. what's more, van Knippenberg, D., 2014. Organizing for group achievement: The intelligent impacts of system structure and social decent variety on group strength and execution. Hierarchical Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(2), pp.245-255

Feelings in Anton Chekhovs The Bear :: The Bear Essays

The Bear, which is an exemplary one-act play composed 1900, is one of the incredible works of Anton Chekhov, which is especially about a bereaved lady. The Bear can be viewed as a parody since it is to give the crowd diversion and beguilement. This parody uncovers the almost negligible difference among outrage and enthusiasm. The topic is about an abnormal start of affection between Mrs. Popov and Smirnov. It exhibited that affection changes everything it contacts. Discourse of the characters, the activity of the characters, and the characters themselves shape the topic. Mind boggling activities and change in state of mind with respect to the characters show that adoration can now and again originate from an odd unforeseen development. Anton Chekhov?s great play the bear spins around two heroes, Mrs. Popov and Grigory Stepanovich Smirnov. Mrs. Popov is a landowner and widow, who following seven months back is despite everything grieving her husband?s passing and chose to confine herself from the outside world and grieve until the day she bites the dust. Grigory Sepanovich Smirnov is likewise a landowner, who loans cash to Mr. Nikolai Popov before he kicked the bucket and he requests the obligations be paid without a moment's delay since his banks after him. Smirnov demands, downplays Popov?s grieving, and will not go out. Popov and Smirnov furiously battle with each other. At that point Smirnov challenges Popov to a gunfight for offending him and Popov draws out her husand?s guns. Now Smirnov understands that he has begun to look all starry eyed at Popov. Toward the finish of the play, they end up in affection and kiss one another. Discourse would need to be the most amazing piece of this play. As the play progress the discourse changes from a deferential way to shouting and blended emotions originating from both of the character. For example, in the early piece of the play Mrs. Popov addresses Mr. Smirnov with deference, ?You?ll get you?re cash the day after tomorrow,?(1096) she said with a deferential and well mannered tone. Later Mrs. Popov offended and hollers as such ?You?re only an unrefined, bear! A beast! A beast!? (1101). Toward the finish of play, she is mistaken for a second, ?go away?.No, Get out, get out! I abhor you! In any case, don?t go!?, however they end up in each other?s arms. The distinction in the discourse shows how love is having its impact on Mrs. Popov?s passionate control as her discourse changes.

Origins of Tissues Macrophages

Roots of Tissues Macrophages Ryan Lewis  Talk about current thoughts regarding the sources of tissue macrophages and whether these roots impact the ensuing elements of macrophage Graphical Abstract Figure Legend: This figure features conceivable tissue macrophage starting points and their advancement pathways. The paper talks about repudiating discoveries in the writing, including three distinct distributions; Sheng et al, 2015 (blue pathway), Hoeffel et al, 2015 (red pathway) and Perdiguero et al, 2015 (green pathway) which are appeared in the figure. Cell positions identify with the time point they are set up during early stage improvement. Places of yolk sac and fetal liver are additionally identified with the occasions they are created. Presentation In the late nineteenth century Ilya Metchnikoff found macrophages (Tauber, 2003) and from that point forward our comprehension of the safe framework and its multifaceted nature has advanced to a phase where the macrophage is no longer as straightforward as was initially delineated by Metchnikoff. Albeit considerably more is thought about tissue explicit macrophages and their capacities, the starting points of these macrophages are less surely known including how their roots identify with the capacities they have inside explicit tissues. This article expects to address the present thoughts regarding the beginnings of tissue macrophages and whether these starting points impact the ensuing elements of macrophages. Macrophage Discovery and History As recently referenced Metchnikoff found the macrophage late in the nineteenth century (Tauber, 2003). Metchnikoff distributed a paper discussing phagocytic cells he had seen in frogs, he portrayed the phagocytic cells as being associated with have safeguard yet in addition the freeing from dead and biting the dust cells (Gordon, 2007). Mechnikoff then found the nearness macrophages in starfish, which dont have a vascular framework, which drove him to the revelation of tissue-occupant macrophages (Gordon, 2007). Metchnikoff got the Nobel prize for his investigations on cell insusceptibility to disease in vertebrates which he imparted to Paul Ehrlich who found humoral resistance (Gordon, 2007). It took approximately 80 years after Metchnikoffs revelation before the starting point of the tissue macrophage was revealed. It was suggested that tissue macrophages began from circling monocytes in the blood (van Furth and Cohn, 1968), this hypothesis has continued throughout the previous 40 years anyway from late investigations we realize this isn't the essential birthplace of the tissue macrophage. Soon after the hypothesis that tissue macrophages started from circling monocytes was proposed, it was found that tissue macrophages and monocytes are heterogenous and their heterogeneity is rationed in people and mice (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). The disclosure of monocyte subsets followed soon after in 1983, which bolstered the hypothesis that tissue macrophages started from flowing monocytes (Yona and Jung, 2009). The hypothesis that tissue macrophages are gotten from circling monocytes has been the predominant view until as of late halfway because of the appearance of cutting edge strategies including; destiny mapping and ionizing radiation. In the last 5-6 years, numerous authoritative distributions have re-imagined our comprehension of the birthplaces of tissue macrophages (Epelman et al, 2014). Ongoing investigations have indicated that many tissue macrophages are buil t up during undeveloped turn of events and constantly self-renew into adulthood freely of any contribution from circling monocytes in the blood (Epelman et al, 2014; Ginhoux et al, 2010; Hashimoto et al, 2013; Yona et al, 2013). Tissue Macrophage Heterogeneity and Function Tissue macrophage have a tremendous level of heterogeneity which reflects upon the specialization of their capacities in various tissues and areas (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). Macrophage heterogeneity is required to guarantee the tissue macrophage has the best phenotype to handle its particular microenvironment, this is especially significant in the gut. Tissue macrophages in the gut separated from the lamina propria have a remarkable phenotype described by high phagocytic and bactericidal movement yet poor creation of professional incendiary cytokines which makes them consummately fit to their microenvironment (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). There are many specific tissue macrophages that have unmistakable capacities including; osteoclasts in the bone which breakdown bone stores for bone redesigning, alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the lung that separate outside material and pathogens, and microglia in the mind which assume a job in neuronal advancement homeostasis and the recuperatio n from pathology (Boyce et al, 2008; Rubins, 2003; Prinz et al, 2014). The hypothesis that tissue macrophage populaces are recharged from coursing monocytes in the blood is to some degree valid however the most different tissue macrophages, for example, microglia, alveolar macrophages and osteoclasts are renewed through self-reestablishment and expansion (Yona and Jung, 2009). There is a considerable number of studies talking about whether macrophages beginning from monocytes in the blood can separate into occupant tissue macrophages. By and large the monocyte subset that the macrophage started from decides its capacity to separate into a specific inhabitant tissue macrophage, this is especially obvious in the lung as studies have demonstrated just Ly6Clo, not Ly6Chi, monocytes can separate into enchymal lung macrophages (Landsman et al, 2007). With respect to the more mind boggling and concentrated alveolar macrophages in the lung, contemplates have demonstrated that these macropha ges require a parenchymal lung macrophage middle (Landsman and Jung, 2007). Flowing monocytes in the blood were for some time accepted to be the source of specific tissue macrophages however late proof has demonstrated this is wrong and demonstrated that huge numbers of these tissue macrophage populaces are grown some time before birth (Epelman et al, 2014). Starting points of Tissue Macrophages Macrophages are first seen during early stage day 6.5 and are created in the yolk sac during what is named as crude haematopoiesis (Epelman et al, 2014). During this beginning time being developed macrophages are the main resistant cell delivered because of confined begetters in the yolk sac. During undeveloped days 8.5 10.5 hematopoietic immature microorganisms (HSCs) rise up out of the aorta-gonad meso-nephros (AGM) and offer ascent to every safe heredity (Epelman et al, 2014). At early stage day 10.5 HSCs relocate from the AGM to the fetal liver, the fetal liver at that point turns into the major hematopoietic organ until birth. Simply after birth do bone marrow HSCs become the essential ancestors and produce every single safe heredity (Orkin and Zon, 2008). Microglia are the main tissue macrophages that are set up in the yolk sac and are self-kept up all through adulthood, the various tissue macrophages are set up from undeveloped day 14.5 to birth and either self-kept up by mult iplication or recharged by HSCs in the bone marrow (Ginhoux et al, 2010; Sheng et al, 2015). The appearance of fat-mapping methods have empowered analysts to exactly follow early stage macrophage populaces into adulthood, giving an understanding into the connection between inhabitant tissue macrophages and coursing blood monocytes (Epelman et al, 2014). As recently talked about, microglia are the main tissue macrophage starting from the yolk sac and emerge before early stage day 8 (Ginhoux et al 2010). Destiny mapping examination was utilized to verify that the starting point of microglia was the crude myeloid antecedents in the yolk sac and furthermore demonstrated that microglia are self-kept up freely of any circling blood monocytes (Ginhoux et al, 2010). There is likewise proof that Langerhans cells begin from the yolk sac however just mostly (Sheng et al, 2015). The destiny mapping concentrate by Sheng demonstrated that microglia and Langerhans cells were the main tissue macrop hages that begin from yolk sac antecedents and that most grown-up tissue macrophages start from a second influx of haematopoiesis driven by HSCs. (Sheng et al, 2015). The number later of productions concerning tissue macrophage beginnings is faltering and is no doubt ascribed to the appearance of destiny mapping procedures. With the huge flood of new examinations in regards to tissue macrophage inceptions it is significant that a reasonable comprehension is created yet this isn't constantly conceivable with such a convoluted subject. Differentiating Studies into Tissue Macrophage Origins There are a couple of ongoing examinations concerning tissue macrophage inceptions which are especially fascinating. (Sheng et al, 2015) come to the end result that most tissue macrophages begin from HSCs anyway there are a couple of distributions which negate Shengs discoveries. Perdiguero inferred that yolk sac determined erythro-myeloid forebears, were starting point of practically all tissue macrophages which stands out incredibly from Shengs perceptions. (Perdiguero et al, 2015). Perdiguero likewise presumed that microglia were gotten from erythro-myeloid forebears instead of crude yolk sac ancestors that was seen by Sheng, albeit both do originate from the yolk sac (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). Perdiguero anticipated that practically all other tissue macrophages started from erythro-myeloid ancestors (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). An examination by Hoeffel adjusted well to Perdigueros perceptions yet Hoeffel saw that crude yolk sac begetters offered ascend to microglia as opposed to erythro-myeloid ancestors that was seen by Perdiguero (Hoeffel et al, 2015; Perdiguero et al, 2015). Just as the distinction in the advancement of microglia, Hoeffel anticipated that erythro-myeloid ancestors relocated to the fetal liver, offering ascend to fetal monocytes which were then liable for the creation of tissue macrophages. (Hoeffel et al, 2015). Every one of these 3 models likewise propose a different proposed significant p

What It Means to Have Type A Personality Traits

What It Means to Have Type A Personality Traits Theories Personality Psychology Print What It Means to Have Type A Personality Traits By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 15, 2019 More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Type A vs. Type B Type D Type A Traits Traits of Type A Behavior Negative Effects Fixed vs. Situational View All Back To Top You may have heard people say they are Type Aâ€"you may be one of those people yourselfâ€"but understanding what it truly means to have a Type A personality can be transformative, both in how you manage stress and in how you recognize and respond to those who may be Type A. Since researchers started studying Type A personality, beginning with cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman in the 1950s, it’s become a household term. Most people now know that Type A personality characteristics have something to do with being competitive and work-obsessed and can bring an increased risk of health problems, but it’s not always understood exactly what traits constitute “Type A Behavior,” or exactly how these traits impact health and wellbeing. Here youll learn more about Type A, how it affects people, and how to deal with stress if you have a “Type A Personality” or if you work closely with someone who does. 1:28 6 Key Traits of a Type A Personality Type A vs. Type B Type A personality traits, including competitiveness, time urgency, and a tendency toward workaholism can be seen (particularly by Type A people) as beneficial for career success??. However, they are counterparts with Type B personalitiesâ€"those who tend to be less focused on competitiveness and more on enjoying the journey. This doesnt mean that Type Bs dont like to achieve. They may work hard and take real pride in their accomplishments, but they dont attach the same stress to their outcomes if they dont come in first or achieve the most, something that tends to create significant stress in Type As. Type Bs also tend to be more creative and low-stress by nature. Fortunately, some of this relaxed perspective can be learned and developed. A Note About Type D A somewhat newer personality type known  as Type D (the D is for distressed) is distinct from Type A and Type B. Type D  is characterized by negative emotions like worry and attempt to inhibit these emotions at the same time, all while avoiding social interaction.?? These factors, while different from Type A, can also cause significant stress and negative health outcomes. Fortunately, as with Type A traits, there are effective ways to combat Type D traits like negativity, excessive worry, and inhibition. Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell Traits of Type A Behavior While the term “Type A” is thrown around often, it’s not always fully known what specific characteristics make up Type A personality, even among experts. For some people, the term applies to rude and impatient people. Others see workaholics as Type A. Many see competitiveness as the main characteristic. According to research, the following characteristics are the hallmark characteristics of Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP): Time Urgency and Impatience, as demonstrated by people who, among other things, get frustrated while waiting in line, interrupt others often, walk or talk at a rapid pace, and are always painfully aware of the time and how little they have to spare.Free-Floating Hostility or Aggressiveness, which shows up as impatience, rudeness, being easily upset over small things, or ‘having a short fuse,’ for example.?? Additionally, Type A behavior often includes: Competitiveness: these people need to win at everything from work to relationships, even if these activities arent inherently competitive.Strong Achievement-Orientation: Type A people tend to get their feelings of self-worth from what they achieve.A Need for Dominance: Many Type A people try to show dominance in business and personal interactions, disregarding the wishes and needs of others in favor of their own.Certain Physical Characteristics: these result from stress and from years of Type A behavior, and are listed below. Friedman associated the following physical characteristics often accompany TABP: Facial tension (tight lips, clenched jaw, etc.)Tongue clicking or teeth grindingDark circles under eyesFacial sweating (on forehead or upper lip)?? Negative Effects of Type A Behavior Over the years, the type of extra stress that most Type A people experience takes a toll on their health and lifestyle. The following are some of the negative effects that are common with those exhibiting TABP. Hypertension:  Although the relationship between personality types and high blood pressure is complex, there has been some association between hypertension and Type A personalities.??Heart Disease:  There is some ambiguity, but some research shows that there is a causal relationship between TABP and coronary heart disease.  ??However, recent analysis has failed to confirm this.Job Stress:  Type A people usually find themselves in stressful, demanding jobs (and sometimes the jobs create the Type A behavior), which can lead to stress-related  health problems.??Social Isolation:  Those with TABP often alienate others, or spend too much time on work and focus too little on relationships, putting them at risk for social isolation and the increased stress that comes with it.?? Fixed Characteristic vs. Situational Reaction While many personality traits, such as extroversion, are innate, most researchers believe that Type A personality characteristics are more of a reaction to environmental factors, or tendencies toward certain behaviors, and are influenced by culture and job structure. For example: Many jobs put heavy demands on time, making it necessary for workers to be very concerned with getting things done quickly if they’re to adequately get their jobs done.Some workplaces put heavy penalties on mistakes, so efficiency and achievement become  extremely important.Other jobs just create more stress, making people less patient, more stressed, and more prone to Type A behaviors.Other people do have a natural tendency toward being more intense, but this tendency can be exacerbated by environmental stress, or mitigated by conscious effort and lifestyle changes. How to Change and Soften Type A Characteristics Fortunately, like traits such as  optimism  or  assertiveness, Type A characteristics can be altered. The following are ways to soften Type A characteristics in yourself if you possess them: Change Your Work Life Altering certain factors in your work life to make your job less stressful, more rewarding, and less demanding. For example, you can consciously make an effort to enjoy the meaning you attach to your work rather than focusing primarily on outcomes. You may talk to your boss about expectations to be sure that it is possible to meet them  with a reasonable level of work if your job has been stressful enough to affect your health. Change Thought Patterns With practice, when you  alter your thinking patterns to more positive ones you develop more trust in yourself and in those around you and can soften your Type A  tendencies. When you find yourself feeling inadequate if you make mistakes, for example, focus more heavily on what you are doing well. When you find yourself using negative self-talk, focus on talking to yourself the way you would a good friend. Fake It Till You Make It Sometimes you can act your way into new habits. Even if you don’t always feel calm and  serene  if you make a conscious choice to try to slow yourself down and be more patient with people, that behavior will most likely become more of a habit and begin to come more easily to you. Note It’s not recommended that you become completely detached from awareness of your feelings, or that you keep them bottled up until you eventually explode, but that you focus on making some changes in your behavior in conjunction with emotion-oriented strategies, you should make more progress, more quickly. Start Journaling The practice of  keeping a journal  has many proven benefits for your stress level and overall health. It can also be a helpful practice in softening Type A characteristics, especially if done right. The following are the best ways to use your journal as an instrument of change: Keep a record  of how many times you lose your temper in a day, treat people rudely, or feel overwhelmed by frustration. Becoming more aware of your tendencies and what triggers reactions in you can be a valuable step in changing your patterns.Write about your feelings.  This helps you to process  them  and takes some of the intensity from them, so you’re less overwhelmed by strong emotions.Write about solutions.  Solving your problems on paper (rather than obsessing about them in your head) can help you to feel less overwhelmed by them. You can also look back through your journal to remember old ideas on solving new problems. Face Your Fears This may sound crazy, but a good way to work past Type A tendencies is to give yourself an extra dose of what frustrates you in order to show yourself that it’s not so bad. For example, some therapists would recommend that you pick long lines in the grocery store, just to show yourself that you can survive the frustration of waiting in line for a few extra minutes. Or, perhaps the threat of having to wait in a longer line will force your subconscious mind to be more patient in one of the shorter lines. Make It a  Game When you’re  frustrated on the road, make a game out of it and count what frustrates you. The same can be done for life in general. If you see how many frustrating things you can playfully tally, for example, you’ll almost look forward to people’s quirks. Breathing Exercises The next time you’re about to scream, why not take that deep breath and, instead, just breathe it out? When you feel you’re about to explode,  a few deep, slow breaths  can do wonders! Learn breathing exercises for a stress reliever you can use anywhere. Breathing Exercises for Rapid Stress Relief Love Your Pets Pets have  many stress management and health  benefits  and can help provide you with the extra calm you need.?? Walking a dog can be relaxing and social, get you out into nature (or at least out of the office), and gets you  exercise  (another stress reliever) as well. Caring for an animal and receiving its unconditional love can get you in touch with the best parts of your own humanity. Even watching aquarium fish has been known to have a measurable  effect  on blood pressure. How Having a Pet Affects Your Stress Levels Gardening Getting out into the sunshine, beautifying your yard, and getting back in touch with nature are some of the benefits of gardening. It all adds up to some great stress relief.  This  tension-taming  tool  can reduce overall stress and teach you  to take it easy a little more, softening your Type A tendencies. Gardening for Stress Relief A Word From Verywell Changing your Type A traits doesnt necessarily imply that your existing personality is not a good one. If youre looking to soften a few of your Type A traits, it may just mean youre looking to reduce stress and enjoy your journey more. You can still achieve your goals. What if you’re not the one with the Type A personality characteristics, but you have to deal with someone else who is? By practicing  assertiveness  and  healthy conflict resolution techniques, you can maintain healthier boundaries and keep yourself from being overrun by a person who exhibits strong Type A personality characteristics.

Becoming Deviant Behaviors Considered Offensive - 550 Words

Becoming Deviant Behaviors Considered Offensive (Research Paper Sample) Content: NameCourse InstructorCourse TitleDateBecoming DeviantDeviance is the act of being defiant. Deviant behavior is common in our society today, and it involves actions that are against the social norms. Typically, deviant behaviors are considered offensive, and as a result, there are stipulated laws that are put in place to deal which such actions in the society. According to Crossman (2), deviant behaviors are mostly as a result of the social well-being of a person. However, more often than not, it considered as a psychological problem of a person. Psychologically, the society looks at people with deviant behaviors as mentally tortured and they are propelled to conduct such deviant behaviors for instance rape. This type of behavior, for example, is as a result of mental torture of pre-exposing sexual media. However, the society might propel a person to involve him or herself in deviant behaviors such as robbery. In this case, the economy probably might be excruciatingly high for a person to cater day to day expenses. On the biological perspective, first, we look at the division of deviant behaviors into two categories; formal and informal behavior (Kumar, pp.3). Formal deviant behavior is punishable in the court of law. These acts include robbery, theft, murder and cases such as rape. With these legal type of deviant behaviors, they are as a result of psychological torture and social well-being. However, informal abnormal behavior such as picking of ones nose and bellowing in public are just but a few of the informal deviant behaviors that do not have severe punishments. They are more often than not considered disgusting. In the case of informal deviant behaviors, they can be as a result of mannerism that one has developed or rather, they can be genetically inherited from the family. It can be a general behavior that is portrayed by members of the same family. Therefore, natural deviant behavior can be genetically acquired.Works CitedCrossman, Ashl ey. Sociological explanation of deviant behavior. 2016. Retrieved from sociology.about.com/od/Deviance/a/Sociological-Explanations-Of-Deviant-Behavior.htmKumar, Amit. Philosophy of everyday life. What are some examples of deviant acts? 2015. Retrieved from /What-are-some-examples-of-deviant-acts

Importance Of Ethics Essay - 728 Words

1. Introduction Ethics is a crucial part of employment because we want businesses to be fair, clean and beneficial to the society. For the reason, organizations have to establish ethics or rule of law, engage themselves in fair practices and competition. These things will give benefit to the consumer, the society and organization. This report will introduce about the ethics. Especially reasons of the importance of ethic and influences on workplace will be represented in the report. 2. Importance of ethics Following topics show the reasons of importance of ethics. †¢ Satisfying Basic Human Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human needs. Every employee wants that employees possess these things and work for an organization†¦show more content†¦Following topics are common important parts of workplace ethics. Behaviour When company hire an employee, all companies present what acceptable behaviour is. Many even summarize expected conduct in job descriptions or during the interview process. Typically behaviour contains some topics, such as harassment, work attire and language. If some employee who doesn’t follow behaviour which is part of ethics, they may make troubles. It reads harmful effect on the company. Integrity One of the important components of workplace ethics is Integrity. All employees have to be honest and do right thing in the workplace. For example, employee who work and manage with money has to possess a high degree of integrity. Employees with integrity also avoid gossip and sneakiness while on the job. Accountability Taking responsibility in your workplace is major factor of improving company and yourself. Taking responsibility means giving priority to your job and putting in an honest effort while on the job. Employees who have accountability are honest when things go wrong, then work toward a resolution while remaining professional all the while. Teamwork Working well with others is very important in workplace. It is impossible that employees will always like each other. But they need set their personal or even work-related differences aside to achieve a goal. When some employees who are not considered â€Å"team players† work with team player, those can encounterShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Ethics Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesEthics is a very basic thing. All people need the ethics to maintain a good relationship with other people. Especially people have to make lots of relationships with other people in the workplace. Also, all people want businesses to be fair, clean and beneficial to the society. These reasons show that the ethics is a crucial part of employment. So organisations have to establish ethics or rule of law, engage themselves in fair practices and competition. If the people in the organisations can keepRead MoreThe Importance of Ethics in the Workplace Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Ethics in the Workplace In their personal and professional lives, people can and, unfortunately, sometimes do go against their moral and ethical standards. Ethical standards are what it means to be a good person, the social rules that govern our behavior. Ethics in business is essentially the study of what constitutes the right and wrong or the good or bad behavior in the workplace environment. A business is an organization whose objective is to provide goods or services forRead MoreThe Importance of Ethics in Society Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesEthics are moral principles or values that govern the conduct of an individual or a group.It is not a burden to bear, but a prudent and effective guide which furthers life and success. 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Read MoreEmotional Intelligence has Importance in Business Ethics Essay examples1355 Words   |  6 Pagesby abilities like verbal and quantitative abilities (while quantitative ability means interpret the meaning in numbers) but also by abilities that pertains emotions (Cote Miners, 2006). That’s means emotional intelligence has a lot of importance in business ethics. Although emotional intelligence is a ability to monitor one’s own and others’ emotions, and to discriminate among them and then use this information to guide the thinking and action of others in the organization. Emotional intelligence

Analysis Of The Article How America Can Free Itself Of...

The excessive use of oil in the United States has been a very controversial debate with American experts and scientists. In his article â€Å"How America Can Free Itself of Oil-Profitability,† Amory Lovins addresses the many different issues associated with excessive oil consumption and the risks versus the benefits. Amory Lovins is a physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has written numerous research articles arguing for the use of renewable energy and alternatives for oil. Lovins also regularly gives presentations to other environmentalists discussing the pros and cons of oil consumption. It is clear that his target audience is the demographic of academics, scientists, and well-informed policy makers. In this article, Lovins is not arguing against the consumption of oil but is rather presenting a solution to the issue. This style of writing will attract academics, environmentalists, and even big corporat ions in the oil industry. It presents useful information that these people can use to their advantage. Amory Lovins talks about how rather than buying oil, America can focus its resources on displacing its own oil. Lovins begins his article by describing his sponsored plan to create an oil-free America. He insists that recent technology advancements can improve efficiency as well as cut oil spending by a large amount. In his article, Lovins continues to talk about different methods technology can be used toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article How America Can Free Itself Of Oil Profitability1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe excessive use of oil in the United States has been a very controversial debate with American experts and scientists. In his article â€Å"How America Can Free Itself of Oil-Profitability,† Amory Lovins addresses the many different issues associated with excessive oil consumption and the risks versus the benefits. Amory Lovins is a physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has written numero us research articles arguing for the use ofRead MoreOpec s Growth And Business1921 Words   |  8 PagesSynopsis OPEC was founded in 1960 with 5 counties and the goals to be a dependable oil market for themselves, and to stimulate economic growth in other countries. Leading up to the 1970’s OPEC’s growth and business was relatively unnoticed until an Iranian revolution and Arab oil embargo pushed oil prices to new levels. 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Baby Dumping - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 362 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? CHILD is a priceless gift from Allah SWT. However, baby dumping is a social crisis and has a chronic increase as many cases are occurring in Malaysian society. The baby dumping refers to discarding or leaving alone, for an extended period of time, a child younger than 12 months of age in a public or private setting with the intent to dispose of the child. Based on Bukit Aman Police Headquarters statistics found a total of 580 babies were found dumped between year 2000 to 2006. This number of cases increase every year where as much as 65 baby dumping cases has increased to 83 cases in the year 2006. In the first 5 months, almost everyday there are reports on dumped baby cases. You read it on the front page of the newspaper or see it on the nightly news a newborn baby found in a back alley. This scenario had been more serious from day to day although there are a lot about this in the mass media. Mostly,among teenagers always seen to be involved in this situation. Teenage parents give birth in a motel room and leave the child for dead in a dumpster. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Baby Dumping" essay for you Create order A girl gives birth in a school bathroom at night. throws the baby into the garbage or in the toilet. These stories relate to one of the most frightening realities of our culture today: some children are viewed as problems to be thrown away rather than gifts to be treasured. More recently, the tragedy of Baby Dumping has begun to be addressed by state legislatures throughout the nation. For example, a number of states have passed laws to provide funding, care, and services for dumped children. These legislative actions have also established safe houses public centers such as fire stations, police stations, and other public areas where women can bring unwanted children rather then leave them in trash receptacles. The hope is that, by offering an alternative to dumping, women might leave their children with people who can help the baby. Surprisingly, these cases have got a lot of attention from the community. So, what are the best opinions and ways that should be taken to prevent this scenario from spreading?

High School Dropout Research - 1722 Words

Growing Trends in High School Drop-outs One of the major concerns of education is the rate of students who are dropping out of school. Statistically, the dropout rate has decreased from a national average of 15 percent in 1972 to 10 percent in 2003, according to the National Center for Education Statistics, which rated 16-24 year olds (Child Trend, 2003). Though, there has been signs of a decrease, drop out rates continue to be a concern to the public because of the potential consequences and financial costs to the government. On the academic level, many schools are incapable of handling the new â€Å"faces† in the education realm. Thus, it forces many students to leave school without a diploma. The drop out rates appears to be an†¦show more content†¦A concern of the statistical data of high school dropouts is the disparaging number of minority students who drop out of high school in comparison to whites and Asians. A 1993 research by John Hopkins University â€Å"flagged 2,000 high schools acr oss the country as potential ‘dropout factories’ because 40 percent or more of their freshmen fail to make it to 12th grade on time† (Viadero, 2004). These schools are in medium and bigger size cities and have a significant black and Latino student population. Florida is the one exception, where many of the failing students are rural white. In 2003, it was estimated that 6 percent of whites, in comparison to 12 percent of blacks had dropped out of school (Child Trend, 2003). The primary reason appears that these school districts have a variety of disadvantages, such as resources and money to improve schools and programs. These schools are located in lower socio-economic communities. However, these disadvantaged students are judged on the same achievement standards as students who live in higher economic districts with better resources and tools. Latin Americans constitute the highest percentage of high school dropouts. 24 percent of Latin Americans dropped ou t of school in 2003 (Child Trends, 2003). This is a significant number because there are just as many Latin Americans dropping out of school as whites. Yet, Latin Americans represent slightly above 15 percent of the population. TheShow MoreRelatedDropping Out Of High School1696 Words   |  7 Pages The issue of dropping out of high school were discussed as early as 1927 in literatures according to (Christle, Jolivette, and Nelson 2007). During that era, dropout was called â€Å"school- leaving† and was considered to be a psychological problem based on interest and attitudes. Young people were considered as restless and needing the freedom to explore new interests. 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We will also look what percentage is highest among who fail to finish high school among ethnic groups. In high schools across America the dr opout rate has sky rocketed over the

The Role of Technology in Quality Education Free Essays

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITY EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Introduction Quality education is a universal goal. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Technology in Quality Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is common to hear arguments that instructional technology will be the key to educational quality as we enter the new millennium. Investment in educational technology is urged upon policy-makers as the path to educational quality. In fact, enthusiasts for educational technology argue that quality has and will continue to increase rapidly, creating a â€Å"new educational culture† Whatever problems exist are seen as ones which can be handled through better administrative and technological planning – that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to total quality assurance using information technology in higher education. Other voices question educational technology as a panacea. The problems associated with technology in the college classroom in terms of issues such as poorly functioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based learning to students, and lack of quality in courses delivered by technology. Educational technology who say students choosing online courses are not getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction. The American Federation of Teachers and other faculty organizations have also raised serious cautions about web-based education and have even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality Education In response to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated growth of distance education, a number of recognized higher education organizations have formulated quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education governing and policymaking bodies in the world, as well as by the regional accrediting community. The core assumption of these guidelines is that, â€Å"The institution’s programs holding specialized accreditation meet the same requirements when offered electronically. † Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of â€Å"quality† as applied to online education, they are quoted below: * Each program of study results in learning outcomes appropriate to the rigor and breadth of the degree or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for appropriate real-time or delayed interaction between faculty and students and among students. * Qualified faculty provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institution’s role and mission. * Review and approval processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology being used to meet the program’s objectives. * The program provides faculty support services specifically related to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides training for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The program ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, nature of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of academic support services and financial aid resources, and costs and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills needed to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials clearly and accurately represent the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty evaluation include appropriate cons ideration of teaching and scholarly activities related to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a commitment to ongoing support, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period sufficient to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the program’s educational effectiveness, including assessments of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program evaluation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program. Empowerment in Online Education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will liberate learning from the confines of the lecture hall, but it can be difficult to reconcile distance education with empowerment of students and faculty. One common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a minimum and to rely on local autonomy. Recent position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noted with dismay the drift toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning† would simply lead to students staying at home in front of computer keyboards instead of being taught in a school environment. â€Å"This is way out of touch with the expectations of parents who want their children to develop both socially with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers†. Online Education and Community The â€Å"community of scholars† was central to the traditional concept of higher education. The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through partnership with or even contracting out to the business community. Educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter strong incentives for private sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a single local college can afford. In the traditional â€Å"community of scholars† the student was mentored as an apprentice and eventually became a co-investigator in research and creative activity. Advocates of online education argue that this notion of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is frequently the province of the campus adult education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor participation is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from research. Administrators seek to use online education â€Å"to increase academic productivity† and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function. Moreover, most institutions have found that online education is intrinsically very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance inherent in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a narrowing of education, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegial work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a transition from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model. Online Education and Learning Autonomy Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, yet at the same time the disconnectedness of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently feel the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learning objectives. That is, online pedagogy seems more associated with â€Å"cyber distance† than with â€Å"virtual community,† and students quickly become motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased course structure, reducing learning autonomy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even bother to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical Thinking Online education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily; drill-and-practice is the forte of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate critical thinking skills. Distance education administrators are aware that critical thinking of online methods. Therefore it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make reference to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of critical thinking. Moreover, intelligent-agent and workgroup collaboration software often are targeted directly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists between online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are thought to help develop critical thinking and while online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less writing, not more. Socratic discussion with faculty is also thought to inculcate critical thinking, but while online methods in theory could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with far less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-endedness of creating problem-solving together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach. Online Education and Educational Quality In comparing computer-mediated distance education with traditional face-to-face teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By focusing on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses. Although tested output of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is unaffected however. Many observers find in typical online education offerings a substantial narrowing of the concept of education to the detriment of students. One of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around concrete learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a foundation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives. Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two-tier educational system – a more expensive upper tier with sound traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May-June): 30-35. Special issue: Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996). Competency as a paradigm for technology-enabled instruction and evaluation, Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2): 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning ’98, Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94: 21-32. How to cite The Role of Technology in Quality Education, Essays

The Role of Technology in Quality Education Free Essays

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITY EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Introduction Quality education is a universal goal. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Technology in Quality Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is common to hear arguments that instructional technology will be the key to educational quality as we enter the new millennium. Investment in educational technology is urged upon policy-makers as the path to educational quality. In fact, enthusiasts for educational technology argue that quality has and will continue to increase rapidly, creating a â€Å"new educational culture† Whatever problems exist are seen as ones which can be handled through better administrative and technological planning – that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to total quality assurance using information technology in higher education. Other voices question educational technology as a panacea. The problems associated with technology in the college classroom in terms of issues such as poorly functioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based learning to students, and lack of quality in courses delivered by technology. Educational technology who say students choosing online courses are not getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction. The American Federation of Teachers and other faculty organizations have also raised serious cautions about web-based education and have even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality Education In response to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated growth of distance education, a number of recognized higher education organizations have formulated quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education governing and policymaking bodies in the world, as well as by the regional accrediting community. The core assumption of these guidelines is that, â€Å"The institution’s programs holding specialized accreditation meet the same requirements when offered electronically. † Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of â€Å"quality† as applied to online education, they are quoted below: * Each program of study results in learning outcomes appropriate to the rigor and breadth of the degree or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for appropriate real-time or delayed interaction between faculty and students and among students. * Qualified faculty provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institution’s role and mission. * Review and approval processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology being used to meet the program’s objectives. * The program provides faculty support services specifically related to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides training for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The program ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, nature of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of academic support services and financial aid resources, and costs and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills needed to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials clearly and accurately represent the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty evaluation include appropriate cons ideration of teaching and scholarly activities related to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a commitment to ongoing support, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period sufficient to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the program’s educational effectiveness, including assessments of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program evaluation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program. Empowerment in Online Education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will liberate learning from the confines of the lecture hall, but it can be difficult to reconcile distance education with empowerment of students and faculty. One common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a minimum and to rely on local autonomy. Recent position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noted with dismay the drift toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning† would simply lead to students staying at home in front of computer keyboards instead of being taught in a school environment. â€Å"This is way out of touch with the expectations of parents who want their children to develop both socially with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers†. Online Education and Community The â€Å"community of scholars† was central to the traditional concept of higher education. The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through partnership with or even contracting out to the business community. Educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter strong incentives for private sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a single local college can afford. In the traditional â€Å"community of scholars† the student was mentored as an apprentice and eventually became a co-investigator in research and creative activity. Advocates of online education argue that this notion of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is frequently the province of the campus adult education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor participation is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from research. Administrators seek to use online education â€Å"to increase academic productivity† and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function. Moreover, most institutions have found that online education is intrinsically very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance inherent in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a narrowing of education, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegial work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a transition from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model. Online Education and Learning Autonomy Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, yet at the same time the disconnectedness of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently feel the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learning objectives. That is, online pedagogy seems more associated with â€Å"cyber distance† than with â€Å"virtual community,† and students quickly become motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased course structure, reducing learning autonomy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even bother to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical Thinking Online education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily; drill-and-practice is the forte of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate critical thinking skills. Distance education administrators are aware that critical thinking of online methods. Therefore it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make reference to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of critical thinking. Moreover, intelligent-agent and workgroup collaboration software often are targeted directly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists between online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are thought to help develop critical thinking and while online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less writing, not more. Socratic discussion with faculty is also thought to inculcate critical thinking, but while online methods in theory could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with far less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-endedness of creating problem-solving together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach. Online Education and Educational Quality In comparing computer-mediated distance education with traditional face-to-face teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By focusing on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses. Although tested output of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is unaffected however. Many observers find in typical online education offerings a substantial narrowing of the concept of education to the detriment of students. One of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around concrete learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a foundation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives. Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two-tier educational system – a more expensive upper tier with sound traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May-June): 30-35. Special issue: Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996). Competency as a paradigm for technology-enabled instruction and evaluation, Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2): 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning ’98, Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94: 21-32. How to cite The Role of Technology in Quality Education, Essays

Emily Dickinson commentary Essay Example For Students

Emily Dickinson commentary Essay The short poem written by Emily Dickinson is open to several interpretations. It makes references to the sea with key words such as ships, seas, sailors and Wharfs. However, others might argue the poem talks about gardens. Some might even argue the poem is about a sunset. Emily Dickinson uses metaphors and imagery to allow for various interpretations of the poem. At first glance, the poem appears to be talking about the sea. This is apparent because the poet uses words such as ships, seas, sailors, and Wharf. However, Dickinson places these words in such a context that it is obvious the poem is not a simple reference to the sea. The poem starts out with Where Ships of Purple. However, in reality, ships are never purple. By making the ship purple, the poet immediately tells the reader that these are no ordinary ships and have some deeper meaning to them. This line can be a metaphor to clouds and flowers. When we talk about clouds, we usually say they sail across the sky similar to ships sailing in water. Although clouds are usually white, they appear purple during sunsets. However, the ships of purple could also refer to purple flowers in a garden. From the beginning, the poem allows for various interpretations of the same sentence. The next line is Gently toss. The poet used this line because it can have a variety of meanings. Some might picture a ship being gently tossed by the waves. However this can be a metaphor for clouds moving across the sky. Another interpretation of this line would be this line is a metaphor for flowers being blown by the wind. The next line is On seas of Daffodil. For the first time in the poem, the poet makes a direct reference to flowers, the Daffodil. One obvious interpretation is there are many Daffodils in the garden. However, Daffodil would usually be in plural if it were referring flowers. Since it is singular in the poem, it is likely referring to the color. This would lead to another interpretation- that the seas of Daffodil are actually the waves of light from the sunset. The next line is Fantastic sailors-mingle. This is a metaphor for the bees, who are the fantastic sailors, mingling with the flowers. However, mingle could also be the entwining of the colors in a sunset. The poem ends with and then- the wharf is still. This could refer to the empty wharf after the sailors have ended their day and went home. This could also be a metaphor for the sun finally setting and the sky becoming dark. It is still because most activities stop after the sun has set. This could also be a metaphor for the flowers becoming still after the wind has passed by. Emily Dickinson makes excellent use of metaphors to allow for various interpretation of the poem. Some might view the poem as a ship sailing in the ocean and finally returning back to the wharf. Others might view it as the wind and bees passing along a peaceful garden. This poem can also be interpreted as a sunset. Dickinson uses metaphors and imagery to allow for these various interpretations.

Public Relations Consultancy

Question: Write a report based on the key performance indicator of a particular organization or the employees working in it. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the key performance indicator of a particular organization or the employees working in it. The KPI or the key performance indicator is a business metric which is being utilized for evaluating the factors that are critical to the success of a particular organization. The concept of key performance indicator differs according to various organizations. On the other hand, the public relation consultant requires some formal education. It acts as a communication between the public and the organization. Here, three types of public relation theories are considered such as system theory, diffusion theory as well as social exchange theory. Based on these three theories, the impacts can be observed on the key performance indicators of an organization. System theory is useful in public relations as it provides a way to think about the internal relationship. If relation becomes strong, then there will be the efficient flow of work, and thus, it will have a positive impact o n the key performance indicator. Diffusion theory is concerned with the behavior of the people on their working and how they accept information. It includes awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adaptation. The theory is useful for making the important decision, and it affects the performance of the organization. At last, social exchange theory utilizes economic symbol of benefits and costs for predicting the behavior. Here, the strategies are made according to the financial planning of the organization. Prioritizing critical task for accomplishing when executing the campaign The fundamental key task for accomplishing when implementing the campaign is resources. The organization has to collect resources (Campaign, 2006). They can make utilization of the social exchange theory by keeping the low cost and rewarding high. Secondly, the organization has to go through a research process based on the selected topic in a campaign. The testimonials and the facts should be taken a backup. They should target people who understand the cause and have a relation to it. Celebrities should be invited for providing a hype to the campaign. As a result, more customers are attracted, and the key performance increases (Paladino, 2007). Building and managing an excellent client relationship In an organization, the management, and building of good customer relationship is crucial. First of all, the organization needs to improve the relationships with the customers (Buttle, 2004). Preference of the marketing of customer relationship is a tendency to recognize the customers who will probably be of higher worth to an organization. It spares the organization time and cash regarding its deals and requests satisfaction endeavors. Customer relationship advertising also aids pinpoints customers who are too excessive to keep up associations with, and additionally open doors for developing immature potential. If the organization utilizes the above theories based on public relations, then they can quickly increase their critical performance indicator level (Po-Chedley, 2001). Supporting team members to work towards objectives The team members of an organization should be supported for accomplishing a particular project. A leader can do this. A leadership management is very useful in specific organizations. It is the responsibility of the leaders to motivate the employees to work (Marquis and Huston, 2009). Sometimes some employees get demotivated due to their misbalances of monthly wages. The organization should look after the matter and support them by providing daily incentives with month salaries if they want their employees to work for their project. Here, the leaders can make use of the system theory as it can build a strong relationship between the team members and it will be helpful for finishing the objectives (Bush, 2010). Conducting effective meetings with the clients A business meeting is efficient in accomplishing a few goals. It can be utilized as a preparation vehicle, an approach to familiarize new item data with a company staff and it can also be used to overhaul workers on new organization arrangements and methodology (Todahl, 2012). The meeting should be started on time. From the meeting, the organization can conclude the behavior of the customers by making use of diffusion theory. The agenda of the meeting should be outlined. In this way, the key performance indicator of the organization can be judged. The clients should be given a chance to speak according to their opinion. Skills and competencies required for future practice For future practice, the present skills and competencies of employees are crucial for the organization. Competency profiles pack the data, aptitudes and limits required for an empty position. Indicating these components in a profile grants the human resource staff to recognize hopefuls that should perform well. Competency profiles recognize the capacities required for a particular occupation (Oluwasuji Dada, 2014). In that case, the specialist in that position does not have the required capacities; the association can offer appropriate planning. The advantage of using competency based profiles for these decisions is to reduction sway from playing top picks or preferences. The organization can develop key performance by increasing skills and competencies. References Bush, T. (2010). Accelerating Leadership Development.Educational Management Administration Leadership, 38(2), pp.147-148, Buttle, F. (2004).Customer relationship management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Campaign. (2006). [Ismaning]: [Hueber], Marquis, B. and Huston, C. (2009).Leadership roles and management functions in nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Oluwasuji Dada, J. (2014). A Principal Component Analysis of Skills and Competencies Required of Quantity Surveyors: Nigerian Perspective.OTMCJ, 6(2), Paladino, B. (2007).Five key principles of corporate performance management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Po-Chedley, D. (2001).Client relationship management. Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press, Todahl, J. (2012). When one hour is all you have: effective therapy for walk-in clients.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3), pp.569-569,

Old Person Nutrition Metabolic Essay Sample - What to Do Next

Old Person Nutrition Metabolic Essay Sample - What to Do NextLet's say you are writing an essay for college, a health-related study for school, or maybe a personal essay for your son or daughter. You've done your research on the subject and have decided that you want to write a good essay, but you are not sure how to write one. This article provides some tips on how to write an essay that will impress your professor.The first tip to remember is to use a nutritionmetabolic essay sample. You will need to find an essay prompt to make the idea of your essay come to life. There are many pre-made essay prompts online, but it is important to understand that you should always create your own.When you go online to find a sample essay, it is important to be organized. For example, you can type the name of the college and the name of the instructor into the search engines. You should get back a list of websites with sample essays. Make sure you select a sample that is of appropriate length.Once you have your essay, it is important to work with the idea that you have in mind with the old person nutritionmetabolic essay sample. What type of information do you want to include? How do you want to frame the essay?If you use the traditional essay format, it will help if you realize that the assignment you have is to 'speak' to the reader, not to the person you are writing for. Be patient and think about all your choices before you choose which one to use.Using a nutritionmetabolic essay sample to write your essay is a great way to work together with a professor. It is also a great way to organize your thoughts before you begin writing your essay.Using an old person nutritionmetabolic essay sample will help you bring your ideas to life, but you need to work with the idea that you have first. With this method, it will be much easier to write an essay that will stand out from the rest.

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay Example For Students

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay mmune SystemINTRODUCTIONIn order to provide a detailed analysis of recent pharmacological developments involving the human immune system, it is firstly necessary to introduce the innate and adaptive immune responses . Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators will be differentiated between and a selection of new and often experimental drugs belonging to each category will be provided. Specific drugs will be described including the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics involved with each type. The possible clinical uses will be alluded to along with details from recent research. INNATE IMMUNITYInnate immunity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). All these mechanisms are non-specific, anti-microbial agents which work in conjunction with adaptive immune responses to provide a more effective system (Downie et. al., 1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. A basic understanding of these concepts is necessary for the purpose of understanding the specific effects of different immunopharmacological agents. HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora Grabowski, 1996). Upon contact with an antigen, B-cells divide to produce a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. Five main sub-types of immunoglobulins have been identified of which IgG is the most abundant in bodily fluids (Hopkins, 1995). Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller Renwick, 1994 ). We will write a custom essay on The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now LymphokinesThe antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). Lymphokines are cytokines, regulators of the immune reactions which are produced by lymphocytes. Examples of these chemicals include interleukins, interferon and tumour necrosis factors. Their action involves the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. al., 1994). The nature of lymphocyte stimulation will determine which class of immunoglobulin will be produced (Waller Renwick, 1994). The role of complement antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. al., 1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. al., 1994). These functions are achieved mainly via complements ability to attract leukocytes (Lessof, 1993). The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. This complex has several functions: for instance, to immobilise an antigen therefore preventing attack upon host cells, to block active toxic regions of particular bacteria, and to allow phagocytic attack. Memory cellsOnce the antigens have been destroyed the plasma cells disappear leaving a few as memory cells which enable a swift response upon second exposure to the antigen (Trounce, 1997). Memory cells are the basis of active immunisation against bacteria (Downie et. al., 1994). Humoral immunity is most efficient against antigens dissolved in body fluids, that is extracellular pathogens, primarily bacteria whereas cell-mediated immunity is most effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYCell-mediated immunity is mainly concerned with T-lymphocytes. It is this form of immunity that is thought to be responsible for tissue transplantation rejection (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). T-cells possess receptors upon their surface which recognise antigens, these receptors are similar to the antibodies released by B-cells. Upon contact with an antigen, T-cells produce memory and effector cells as do the B-cells. However, T-cells produce a variety of effector cells (Downie et. Al., 1995). TC-cells ; TH-cells The cells produced are mainly Cytotoxic cells (TC-Cells or CD8+) or Helper cells (TH-cells, or CD4+). TC-cells recognise and destroy virally infected host cells, hence they are also known as killer-cells (Trounce, 1997). It is also thought that cancerous cells can be destroyed by the same mechanism (Dale et. al. ,1994). TH-cells release lymphokines which activate local macrophages (Waller ; Renwick, 1994). Meaning big eaters macrophages engulf micro-organisms and secrete lysosomal enzymes, complement components and some lymphokines (Dale et, al., 1994). IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IMMUNOMODULATIONBy providing an overview of the adaptive immune responses it becomes apparent that two areas of pharmacological enquiry are of interest: immunosuppression and immunomodulation. The former concept involves developing agents that suppress the immune responses. This area is important in the treatment of organ and tissue transplant rejection and also the treatment for certain diseases resulting from immune system irregularities. The latter area involves agents that augment or alter certain components of the immune system and are therefore important in cancer and AIDS management (Katzung, 1998). NEW IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTSThe prototype immunosuppressant, cyclosporine was discovered in the 1970s Almost three decades later there is much investigation into the development of novel more effective immunosuppressive drugs (Dale et. al., 1994). Traditionally immunosuppressants have been shown to be important in prolonging the life of transplanted organs. However, purely by their nature they greatly weaken the patients defence mechanism and therefore increase the risk of infection by opportunistic pathogens (Downie et. al., 1995). Traditional thinking advocates these drugs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases where the immune system produces antibodies against various self tissues (Trounce, 1997). However, new approaches (to be discussed later) prefer the use of immunomodulators to treat these disorders. Unfortunately many immunosuppressants are non-specific and lead to therapeutic inconsistencies that produce a wide range of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations between diff erent individuals (Kahan, 1999). Thus the latest drugs are being developed with more specificity in mind. A selection of these new drugs including mycophenalate mofetil, thalidomide, sirolimus and 15-deoxyspregualin, will be provided and their mechanisms of action, when understood, described. Mycophenolate mofetilMycophenolate Mofetil (MM) is a newly developed immunosuppressant which has been proven to be promising in the management of organ transplantation. Introduced in 1997, MM has been mainly utilised in kidney transplantation treatments in conjunction with cyclosporine and corticosteroids (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). When used in the combination described, MM has substantially reduced the incidence of kidney rejection within the first six months following transplantation (Nutley, 1995). This new drug has also been the subject of studies involving liver transplantation where it proved to reduce the incidence of rejection when combined with tacrolimus and steroids without increasing the risk of secondary infections (Jain et. al., 1997). In comparative trials with azathioprine, MM has proved to be more selective and effectively decreases episodes of rejection in renal transplant patients (Barron, 1996). In animal studies MM has been used successfully for heart and pan creatic cell transplantation but further trials are needed to prove efficacy before use on human patients. (Saltiel, 1994). Other recent studies involve the use of MM to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Dureza et. al., 1999). Isolated from the mould penicillum glaucum (Katzung, 1998), MM, brand name cellcept, has greatly improved the ratio of immunosuppressive activity versus side effects (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). Administered orally, MM is hydrolysed to the active metabolite mycophenolic acid in the liver and gastro-intestinal tract and excreted by the kidney in urine. (Barron, 1996). By inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis via only the de nova pathway, MM can selectively inhibit T and B-cell activity (Saltiel, 1994). The result of this action leads to the prevention of T and B-cell proliferation, the inhibition of antibody formation, and the reduction of leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites common in graft rejection. .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postImageUrl , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:visited , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active { border:0!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice's Journey to Find Her Identity EssayThe adverse effects associated with MM are mainly gastro-intestinal and include nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting (Barron, 1996) thus use in patients with known gastro-intestinal complaints should be carefully considered. As with all immunosuppressants, there may be an increased risk of secondary infection but MM does not appear to be a greater threat in this regard compared to the older more conventional drugs. It is as yet unknown if MM may be teratogenic in humans as it has been in some animal studies thus use in pregnancy is ill advised unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the unborn child (Barron, 1996 ). It has also been noted that there is an increased risk of the development of lymphoma and other malignancies with MM treatment which is again common with many of the immunosuppressants (Nutley, 1995). This new drug certainly appears to present less side-effects when compared to traditional immunosuppressive agents. The major drawback associated with MM is the high cost: almost five times that of the traditional immunosuppressant azathioprine. However, considering that one half of kidney transplant patients experience acute episodes of rejection during the first year after transplantation (Nutley, 1995) it would appear that the cost could be well spent in terms of the saving of lives and prevention of suffering. 15-deoxyspergualin15-Deoxyspergualin (DSG) is isolated from bacillus laterosporus and has been successful in the prevention of renal transplant rejection, and may also be beneficial in heart and pancreatic transplantations (Katzung, 1998). Recent studies have shown DSG to have a unique ability among immunosuppressive drugs to reduce long-term survival and functional tolerance of discordant islet xenografts (Thomas et. al., 1995). The potential of DSG as a treatment for autoimmune diseases is also being investigated (Tepper et. al., 1995). Indeed, DSG is proving more effective than tacrolimus (Grebenau, 1999) and less toxic than aziathropine (Thomas, 1995). The mechanisms of action are not entirely understood but appear to result from the suppression of both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (Tepper et. al., 1995). It appears that this new drug needs further rigorous testing but possible future applications particularly in xenografts seem to be encouraging. SirolimusSirolimus (rapamycin) is relatively similar to the more traditional immunosuppressants: tacrolimus and cyclosporine. However, it is much more potent and has distinct uses in the management of kidney and heart allografts (Katzung, 1998). Again, the possibilities of sirolimus as treatment for autoimmune diseases is currently being investigated (Grebenau, 1999) and the drug is currently in phase three trials. The mechanism of action is through cytokine signals which are required for T-cell proliferation (Valantine Schroeder, 1995), that is, Sirolimus acts as a T-cell inhibitor when used in combination with cyclosporine and steroids (Bertolatus, 2000). Major side effects include increased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) and thrombocytopeania (decreased platelet count) (Kelly, et. al., 1997). ThalidomideThalidomide has a problematic history as it produced severe teratogenic effects when used to alleviate diarrhoea and nausea in pregnant women. However, it has since emerged as an immunosuppressant particularly useful in treatments to prevent lung transplant rejection (Katzung, 1998). Thalidomide may also prove beneficial in the treatment of HIV patients particularly those suffering from chronic weight loss as it increases the immune chemical, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (Kahan, 1999).However, mechanisms of action are not further understood and may involve a change of T-cell response to antigens (Katzung, 1998). Treatment of leukaemia is another area of possible thalidomide use (Grebenau, 1999). Obviously, this drug must not be used in the treatment of pregnant women and may also cause side-effects such as drowsiness and skin rashes (Kahan, 1999). Antibodies as immunosuppressantsMilstein and Kohler increased the pharmacological use of antibodies as immunosuppressants via hybridoma technology. This concept involves the fusing of antibody-forming and plasmacytoma cells to produce the required antibody for cloning (Katzung, 1998). The implications of such technology are far-reaching as specificity will be greatly increased using these monoclonal antibodies. As yet studies into treatments for multiple sclerosis using this technology have been inconclusive but appear to be fraught with unintended side effects (Panitch, 1996). Antilymphocyte antibodies have been utilised early after organ transplantation and have had beneficial short term effects but the long term outcomes have been disappointing (Valantine ; Schroeder, 1995). IMMUNOMODULATIONThe immunomodulation branch of pharmacology involves boosting the immune system rather than suppressing it, by using agents to augment the immune response. The potential uses of immunomodulation include the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders, chronic infectious diseases, cancer and AIDS (Katzung 1998). Many cancer patients do not die directly from their cancer but from a secondary infection. It has also been discovered that in the United States of America sixty-five million people suffer from a dysfunctional immune system which can lead to chronic viral infections, AIDS, cancer and autoimmune diseases (Beardsley, 1997)Immmunomodulation ; autoimmune diseaseTraditionally, it has been thought that stimulating the immune system will be harmful for sufferers of autoimmune disorders as it will exacerbate the bodys attack upon self cells. However, recent research suggests that autoimmune diseases maybe due to the dysregulation of the immune system, and that poor thymus functioning results in T4Helper cells losing control of humoral immunity so that antibodies lose their specificity and attack host cells (Beardsley, 1997). Thus immunomodulation in this area could be highly effective. It must be stated that this is merely a theory and that extensive testing is still needed in this area before such drugs can be used safely to treat these disorders. It would appear that immunomodulation is a new and exciting area to be explored with many potential benefits. A selection of these new drugs including levamisole, thymic peptides, roquinimex, and cyclophosphamide will be described in more detail. LevamisoleLevamisole (eramisole) is an immunomodulating agent administered orally with the effect of increasing the number of T-cells. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Hodgkins disease, and is approved by the FDA for the treatment of colorectal cancer after surgery. Recently, levamisole has been tested in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with some efficacy. The side effects involved include mild nausea, stomach pain, dizziness, headache and fatigue (Katzung, 1998). It would appear that there is insufficient research concerning this drug, thus the likelihood that it will be marketed for clinical use in the near future is markedly reduced. Thymosin other thymic peptidesThymic activity is critical to T cell maturation, only mature cells can effectively combat cancer cells and infectious agents. Thymosin conveys specificity to immature lymphoid stem cells and therefore increases the number of active T-cells (Katzung, 1998). However, it has not been yet approved by the FDA (Beardsley, 1997) despite its successes in trials in treatment of diseases of T-cell deficiency such as DiGeorges syndrome (Katzung, 1998). Thymic protein A has proved beneficial in the treatment of hepatitis C, cancer and certain immune disorders via the stimulation of the cell mediated immune system (Beardsley, 1997). Thymopentin and Thymic humoral factor have also been used to treat AIDS as well as cancer and hepatitis. However, other trials suggest that thymosin may stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system, resulting in an increase of serum corticosteroids and the decrease of thymic hormone production. Therefore the impairment of the immune functioni ng will result from thymic treatments rather than the intended increase of the immune response (Bard et. al., 1990) Such new immunomodulators certainly need extensive research before a more suitable form can be identified. CyclophosphamideCyclophosphamide (cytoxan, neosar) is traditionally an immunosuppressant used to suppress a variety of humoral and cell-mediated immune functions (Dale et. al., 1994). However, new developments have proved the immunomodulating function of the drug. Low doses given prior to immunisation with a tumour vaccine can augment the immune response (Katzung, 1998). As such, cyclophosphamide can be used to treat Hodgkins disease, lymphomas, leukemias and other tumours. Rheumatoid arthritis can also be treated by the immunomodulating features of this drug which can be achieved at higher doses than are necessary for immunosuppression (Shorthouse, 1996). Recently, this drug has been used in trials to treat chronic -progressive multiple sclerosis. However, the be nefits proved to be inadequate in balance with the side-effects which included hair loss, fever, oral ulcers (Panitch, 1996), nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anorexia (Shorthouse, 1996). Teratogenic effects make the drug unsuitable for pregnant or breast feeding women and long term toxicities include bladder cancer and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (Panitsh, 1996). In conclusion it appears cyclophosphamide may have some benefit in short-term immunomodulation, particularly as a cytotoxic agent, but long term, high doses will produce a plethora of side effects. .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postImageUrl , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:visited , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active { border:0!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Observation Report of A Child At Elementary School EssayTHC marijuanaTrials in the United States of America in 1995 have tested the use of marijuana in immunomodulation. THC is the component of interest in marijuana which has been demonstrated to enhance the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. The study has also found impairment of immunological functions in persistent marijuana smokers. However, the conclusion is that THC is an excellent tool for studying the mechanisms of immunomodulation, especially altered susceptibility to microbial infection (Friedman et. al., 1995) but further intensive study is needed. RoquinimexRoquinimex (linomide) is not an immunosuppressant, it activates lymphocyte and natural killer cells, therefore acting as an immunomodulator (Panitch, 1996). By stimulating a variety of B and T-cell functions it has been used to treat acute and chronic relapsing multiple sclerosis, with a marked reduction in relapses, disease activity and progression (Katzung, 1998). Although the mechanisms of action themselves are not fully understood it is thought that via activating T-cells these drugs stimulates the production of regulatory cytokines that suppress inflammation and prevent myelin deterioration (Panitch, 1996). Trials in prostate tumour treatment have proved that roquinimex is the most effective drug with a sixty-nine percent inhibition of tumour growth (Joseph ; Isaccs, 1998). Thus roquinimex is emerging as a promising new treatment for cancer and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONTo conclude, recent literature suggests that research into immunosuppression is more wide spread than in the area of immunomodulation. This newer concept certainly needs further investigation but has many potential benefits especially in the treatment of AIDS. Many other agents such as new vaccines and alternatives to antibiotics are being developed, unfortunately due to certain constraints they are beyond the scope of this review. 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