The Role of Technology in Quality Education Free Essays

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITY EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Introduction Quality education is a universal goal. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Technology in Quality Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is common to hear arguments that instructional technology will be the key to educational quality as we enter the new millennium. Investment in educational technology is urged upon policy-makers as the path to educational quality. In fact, enthusiasts for educational technology argue that quality has and will continue to increase rapidly, creating a â€Å"new educational culture† Whatever problems exist are seen as ones which can be handled through better administrative and technological planning – that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to total quality assurance using information technology in higher education. Other voices question educational technology as a panacea. The problems associated with technology in the college classroom in terms of issues such as poorly functioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based learning to students, and lack of quality in courses delivered by technology. Educational technology who say students choosing online courses are not getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction. The American Federation of Teachers and other faculty organizations have also raised serious cautions about web-based education and have even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality Education In response to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated growth of distance education, a number of recognized higher education organizations have formulated quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education governing and policymaking bodies in the world, as well as by the regional accrediting community. The core assumption of these guidelines is that, â€Å"The institution’s programs holding specialized accreditation meet the same requirements when offered electronically. † Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of â€Å"quality† as applied to online education, they are quoted below: * Each program of study results in learning outcomes appropriate to the rigor and breadth of the degree or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for appropriate real-time or delayed interaction between faculty and students and among students. * Qualified faculty provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institution’s role and mission. * Review and approval processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology being used to meet the program’s objectives. * The program provides faculty support services specifically related to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides training for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The program ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, nature of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of academic support services and financial aid resources, and costs and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills needed to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials clearly and accurately represent the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty evaluation include appropriate cons ideration of teaching and scholarly activities related to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a commitment to ongoing support, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period sufficient to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the program’s educational effectiveness, including assessments of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program evaluation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program. Empowerment in Online Education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will liberate learning from the confines of the lecture hall, but it can be difficult to reconcile distance education with empowerment of students and faculty. One common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a minimum and to rely on local autonomy. Recent position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noted with dismay the drift toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning† would simply lead to students staying at home in front of computer keyboards instead of being taught in a school environment. â€Å"This is way out of touch with the expectations of parents who want their children to develop both socially with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers†. Online Education and Community The â€Å"community of scholars† was central to the traditional concept of higher education. The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through partnership with or even contracting out to the business community. Educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter strong incentives for private sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a single local college can afford. In the traditional â€Å"community of scholars† the student was mentored as an apprentice and eventually became a co-investigator in research and creative activity. Advocates of online education argue that this notion of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is frequently the province of the campus adult education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor participation is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from research. Administrators seek to use online education â€Å"to increase academic productivity† and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function. Moreover, most institutions have found that online education is intrinsically very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance inherent in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a narrowing of education, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegial work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a transition from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model. Online Education and Learning Autonomy Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, yet at the same time the disconnectedness of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently feel the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learning objectives. That is, online pedagogy seems more associated with â€Å"cyber distance† than with â€Å"virtual community,† and students quickly become motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased course structure, reducing learning autonomy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even bother to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical Thinking Online education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily; drill-and-practice is the forte of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate critical thinking skills. Distance education administrators are aware that critical thinking of online methods. Therefore it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make reference to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of critical thinking. Moreover, intelligent-agent and workgroup collaboration software often are targeted directly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists between online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are thought to help develop critical thinking and while online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less writing, not more. Socratic discussion with faculty is also thought to inculcate critical thinking, but while online methods in theory could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with far less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-endedness of creating problem-solving together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach. Online Education and Educational Quality In comparing computer-mediated distance education with traditional face-to-face teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By focusing on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses. Although tested output of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is unaffected however. Many observers find in typical online education offerings a substantial narrowing of the concept of education to the detriment of students. One of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around concrete learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a foundation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives. Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two-tier educational system – a more expensive upper tier with sound traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May-June): 30-35. Special issue: Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996). Competency as a paradigm for technology-enabled instruction and evaluation, Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2): 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning ’98, Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94: 21-32. How to cite The Role of Technology in Quality Education, Essays

The Role of Technology in Quality Education Free Essays

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITY EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Introduction Quality education is a universal goal. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Technology in Quality Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is common to hear arguments that instructional technology will be the key to educational quality as we enter the new millennium. Investment in educational technology is urged upon policy-makers as the path to educational quality. In fact, enthusiasts for educational technology argue that quality has and will continue to increase rapidly, creating a â€Å"new educational culture† Whatever problems exist are seen as ones which can be handled through better administrative and technological planning – that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to total quality assurance using information technology in higher education. Other voices question educational technology as a panacea. The problems associated with technology in the college classroom in terms of issues such as poorly functioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based learning to students, and lack of quality in courses delivered by technology. Educational technology who say students choosing online courses are not getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction. The American Federation of Teachers and other faculty organizations have also raised serious cautions about web-based education and have even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality Education In response to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated growth of distance education, a number of recognized higher education organizations have formulated quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education governing and policymaking bodies in the world, as well as by the regional accrediting community. The core assumption of these guidelines is that, â€Å"The institution’s programs holding specialized accreditation meet the same requirements when offered electronically. † Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of â€Å"quality† as applied to online education, they are quoted below: * Each program of study results in learning outcomes appropriate to the rigor and breadth of the degree or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for appropriate real-time or delayed interaction between faculty and students and among students. * Qualified faculty provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institution’s role and mission. * Review and approval processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology being used to meet the program’s objectives. * The program provides faculty support services specifically related to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides training for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The program ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, nature of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of academic support services and financial aid resources, and costs and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills needed to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials clearly and accurately represent the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty evaluation include appropriate cons ideration of teaching and scholarly activities related to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a commitment to ongoing support, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period sufficient to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the program’s educational effectiveness, including assessments of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program evaluation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program. Empowerment in Online Education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will liberate learning from the confines of the lecture hall, but it can be difficult to reconcile distance education with empowerment of students and faculty. One common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a minimum and to rely on local autonomy. Recent position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noted with dismay the drift toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning† would simply lead to students staying at home in front of computer keyboards instead of being taught in a school environment. â€Å"This is way out of touch with the expectations of parents who want their children to develop both socially with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers†. Online Education and Community The â€Å"community of scholars† was central to the traditional concept of higher education. The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through partnership with or even contracting out to the business community. Educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter strong incentives for private sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a single local college can afford. In the traditional â€Å"community of scholars† the student was mentored as an apprentice and eventually became a co-investigator in research and creative activity. Advocates of online education argue that this notion of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is frequently the province of the campus adult education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor participation is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from research. Administrators seek to use online education â€Å"to increase academic productivity† and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function. Moreover, most institutions have found that online education is intrinsically very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance inherent in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a narrowing of education, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegial work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a transition from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model. Online Education and Learning Autonomy Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, yet at the same time the disconnectedness of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently feel the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learning objectives. That is, online pedagogy seems more associated with â€Å"cyber distance† than with â€Å"virtual community,† and students quickly become motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased course structure, reducing learning autonomy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even bother to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical Thinking Online education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily; drill-and-practice is the forte of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate critical thinking skills. Distance education administrators are aware that critical thinking of online methods. Therefore it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make reference to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of critical thinking. Moreover, intelligent-agent and workgroup collaboration software often are targeted directly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists between online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are thought to help develop critical thinking and while online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less writing, not more. Socratic discussion with faculty is also thought to inculcate critical thinking, but while online methods in theory could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with far less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-endedness of creating problem-solving together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach. Online Education and Educational Quality In comparing computer-mediated distance education with traditional face-to-face teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By focusing on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses. Although tested output of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is unaffected however. Many observers find in typical online education offerings a substantial narrowing of the concept of education to the detriment of students. One of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around concrete learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a foundation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives. Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two-tier educational system – a more expensive upper tier with sound traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May-June): 30-35. Special issue: Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996). Competency as a paradigm for technology-enabled instruction and evaluation, Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2): 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning ’98, Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94: 21-32. How to cite The Role of Technology in Quality Education, Essays

Emily Dickinson commentary Essay Example For Students

Emily Dickinson commentary Essay The short poem written by Emily Dickinson is open to several interpretations. It makes references to the sea with key words such as ships, seas, sailors and Wharfs. However, others might argue the poem talks about gardens. Some might even argue the poem is about a sunset. Emily Dickinson uses metaphors and imagery to allow for various interpretations of the poem. At first glance, the poem appears to be talking about the sea. This is apparent because the poet uses words such as ships, seas, sailors, and Wharf. However, Dickinson places these words in such a context that it is obvious the poem is not a simple reference to the sea. The poem starts out with Where Ships of Purple. However, in reality, ships are never purple. By making the ship purple, the poet immediately tells the reader that these are no ordinary ships and have some deeper meaning to them. This line can be a metaphor to clouds and flowers. When we talk about clouds, we usually say they sail across the sky similar to ships sailing in water. Although clouds are usually white, they appear purple during sunsets. However, the ships of purple could also refer to purple flowers in a garden. From the beginning, the poem allows for various interpretations of the same sentence. The next line is Gently toss. The poet used this line because it can have a variety of meanings. Some might picture a ship being gently tossed by the waves. However this can be a metaphor for clouds moving across the sky. Another interpretation of this line would be this line is a metaphor for flowers being blown by the wind. The next line is On seas of Daffodil. For the first time in the poem, the poet makes a direct reference to flowers, the Daffodil. One obvious interpretation is there are many Daffodils in the garden. However, Daffodil would usually be in plural if it were referring flowers. Since it is singular in the poem, it is likely referring to the color. This would lead to another interpretation- that the seas of Daffodil are actually the waves of light from the sunset. The next line is Fantastic sailors-mingle. This is a metaphor for the bees, who are the fantastic sailors, mingling with the flowers. However, mingle could also be the entwining of the colors in a sunset. The poem ends with and then- the wharf is still. This could refer to the empty wharf after the sailors have ended their day and went home. This could also be a metaphor for the sun finally setting and the sky becoming dark. It is still because most activities stop after the sun has set. This could also be a metaphor for the flowers becoming still after the wind has passed by. Emily Dickinson makes excellent use of metaphors to allow for various interpretation of the poem. Some might view the poem as a ship sailing in the ocean and finally returning back to the wharf. Others might view it as the wind and bees passing along a peaceful garden. This poem can also be interpreted as a sunset. Dickinson uses metaphors and imagery to allow for these various interpretations.

Public Relations Consultancy

Question: Write a report based on the key performance indicator of a particular organization or the employees working in it. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the key performance indicator of a particular organization or the employees working in it. The KPI or the key performance indicator is a business metric which is being utilized for evaluating the factors that are critical to the success of a particular organization. The concept of key performance indicator differs according to various organizations. On the other hand, the public relation consultant requires some formal education. It acts as a communication between the public and the organization. Here, three types of public relation theories are considered such as system theory, diffusion theory as well as social exchange theory. Based on these three theories, the impacts can be observed on the key performance indicators of an organization. System theory is useful in public relations as it provides a way to think about the internal relationship. If relation becomes strong, then there will be the efficient flow of work, and thus, it will have a positive impact o n the key performance indicator. Diffusion theory is concerned with the behavior of the people on their working and how they accept information. It includes awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adaptation. The theory is useful for making the important decision, and it affects the performance of the organization. At last, social exchange theory utilizes economic symbol of benefits and costs for predicting the behavior. Here, the strategies are made according to the financial planning of the organization. Prioritizing critical task for accomplishing when executing the campaign The fundamental key task for accomplishing when implementing the campaign is resources. The organization has to collect resources (Campaign, 2006). They can make utilization of the social exchange theory by keeping the low cost and rewarding high. Secondly, the organization has to go through a research process based on the selected topic in a campaign. The testimonials and the facts should be taken a backup. They should target people who understand the cause and have a relation to it. Celebrities should be invited for providing a hype to the campaign. As a result, more customers are attracted, and the key performance increases (Paladino, 2007). Building and managing an excellent client relationship In an organization, the management, and building of good customer relationship is crucial. First of all, the organization needs to improve the relationships with the customers (Buttle, 2004). Preference of the marketing of customer relationship is a tendency to recognize the customers who will probably be of higher worth to an organization. It spares the organization time and cash regarding its deals and requests satisfaction endeavors. Customer relationship advertising also aids pinpoints customers who are too excessive to keep up associations with, and additionally open doors for developing immature potential. If the organization utilizes the above theories based on public relations, then they can quickly increase their critical performance indicator level (Po-Chedley, 2001). Supporting team members to work towards objectives The team members of an organization should be supported for accomplishing a particular project. A leader can do this. A leadership management is very useful in specific organizations. It is the responsibility of the leaders to motivate the employees to work (Marquis and Huston, 2009). Sometimes some employees get demotivated due to their misbalances of monthly wages. The organization should look after the matter and support them by providing daily incentives with month salaries if they want their employees to work for their project. Here, the leaders can make use of the system theory as it can build a strong relationship between the team members and it will be helpful for finishing the objectives (Bush, 2010). Conducting effective meetings with the clients A business meeting is efficient in accomplishing a few goals. It can be utilized as a preparation vehicle, an approach to familiarize new item data with a company staff and it can also be used to overhaul workers on new organization arrangements and methodology (Todahl, 2012). The meeting should be started on time. From the meeting, the organization can conclude the behavior of the customers by making use of diffusion theory. The agenda of the meeting should be outlined. In this way, the key performance indicator of the organization can be judged. The clients should be given a chance to speak according to their opinion. Skills and competencies required for future practice For future practice, the present skills and competencies of employees are crucial for the organization. Competency profiles pack the data, aptitudes and limits required for an empty position. Indicating these components in a profile grants the human resource staff to recognize hopefuls that should perform well. Competency profiles recognize the capacities required for a particular occupation (Oluwasuji Dada, 2014). In that case, the specialist in that position does not have the required capacities; the association can offer appropriate planning. The advantage of using competency based profiles for these decisions is to reduction sway from playing top picks or preferences. The organization can develop key performance by increasing skills and competencies. References Bush, T. (2010). Accelerating Leadership Development.Educational Management Administration Leadership, 38(2), pp.147-148, Buttle, F. (2004).Customer relationship management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Campaign. (2006). [Ismaning]: [Hueber], Marquis, B. and Huston, C. (2009).Leadership roles and management functions in nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Oluwasuji Dada, J. (2014). A Principal Component Analysis of Skills and Competencies Required of Quantity Surveyors: Nigerian Perspective.OTMCJ, 6(2), Paladino, B. (2007).Five key principles of corporate performance management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Po-Chedley, D. (2001).Client relationship management. Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press, Todahl, J. (2012). When one hour is all you have: effective therapy for walk-in clients.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3), pp.569-569,

Old Person Nutrition Metabolic Essay Sample - What to Do Next

Old Person Nutrition Metabolic Essay Sample - What to Do NextLet's say you are writing an essay for college, a health-related study for school, or maybe a personal essay for your son or daughter. You've done your research on the subject and have decided that you want to write a good essay, but you are not sure how to write one. This article provides some tips on how to write an essay that will impress your professor.The first tip to remember is to use a nutritionmetabolic essay sample. You will need to find an essay prompt to make the idea of your essay come to life. There are many pre-made essay prompts online, but it is important to understand that you should always create your own.When you go online to find a sample essay, it is important to be organized. For example, you can type the name of the college and the name of the instructor into the search engines. You should get back a list of websites with sample essays. Make sure you select a sample that is of appropriate length.Once you have your essay, it is important to work with the idea that you have in mind with the old person nutritionmetabolic essay sample. What type of information do you want to include? How do you want to frame the essay?If you use the traditional essay format, it will help if you realize that the assignment you have is to 'speak' to the reader, not to the person you are writing for. Be patient and think about all your choices before you choose which one to use.Using a nutritionmetabolic essay sample to write your essay is a great way to work together with a professor. It is also a great way to organize your thoughts before you begin writing your essay.Using an old person nutritionmetabolic essay sample will help you bring your ideas to life, but you need to work with the idea that you have first. With this method, it will be much easier to write an essay that will stand out from the rest.

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay Example For Students

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay mmune SystemINTRODUCTIONIn order to provide a detailed analysis of recent pharmacological developments involving the human immune system, it is firstly necessary to introduce the innate and adaptive immune responses . Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators will be differentiated between and a selection of new and often experimental drugs belonging to each category will be provided. Specific drugs will be described including the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics involved with each type. The possible clinical uses will be alluded to along with details from recent research. INNATE IMMUNITYInnate immunity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). All these mechanisms are non-specific, anti-microbial agents which work in conjunction with adaptive immune responses to provide a more effective system (Downie et. al., 1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. A basic understanding of these concepts is necessary for the purpose of understanding the specific effects of different immunopharmacological agents. HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora Grabowski, 1996). Upon contact with an antigen, B-cells divide to produce a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. Five main sub-types of immunoglobulins have been identified of which IgG is the most abundant in bodily fluids (Hopkins, 1995). Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller Renwick, 1994 ). We will write a custom essay on The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now LymphokinesThe antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). Lymphokines are cytokines, regulators of the immune reactions which are produced by lymphocytes. Examples of these chemicals include interleukins, interferon and tumour necrosis factors. Their action involves the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. al., 1994). The nature of lymphocyte stimulation will determine which class of immunoglobulin will be produced (Waller Renwick, 1994). The role of complement antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. al., 1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. al., 1994). These functions are achieved mainly via complements ability to attract leukocytes (Lessof, 1993). The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. This complex has several functions: for instance, to immobilise an antigen therefore preventing attack upon host cells, to block active toxic regions of particular bacteria, and to allow phagocytic attack. Memory cellsOnce the antigens have been destroyed the plasma cells disappear leaving a few as memory cells which enable a swift response upon second exposure to the antigen (Trounce, 1997). Memory cells are the basis of active immunisation against bacteria (Downie et. al., 1994). Humoral immunity is most efficient against antigens dissolved in body fluids, that is extracellular pathogens, primarily bacteria whereas cell-mediated immunity is most effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYCell-mediated immunity is mainly concerned with T-lymphocytes. It is this form of immunity that is thought to be responsible for tissue transplantation rejection (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). T-cells possess receptors upon their surface which recognise antigens, these receptors are similar to the antibodies released by B-cells. Upon contact with an antigen, T-cells produce memory and effector cells as do the B-cells. However, T-cells produce a variety of effector cells (Downie et. Al., 1995). TC-cells ; TH-cells The cells produced are mainly Cytotoxic cells (TC-Cells or CD8+) or Helper cells (TH-cells, or CD4+). TC-cells recognise and destroy virally infected host cells, hence they are also known as killer-cells (Trounce, 1997). It is also thought that cancerous cells can be destroyed by the same mechanism (Dale et. al. ,1994). TH-cells release lymphokines which activate local macrophages (Waller ; Renwick, 1994). Meaning big eaters macrophages engulf micro-organisms and secrete lysosomal enzymes, complement components and some lymphokines (Dale et, al., 1994). IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IMMUNOMODULATIONBy providing an overview of the adaptive immune responses it becomes apparent that two areas of pharmacological enquiry are of interest: immunosuppression and immunomodulation. The former concept involves developing agents that suppress the immune responses. This area is important in the treatment of organ and tissue transplant rejection and also the treatment for certain diseases resulting from immune system irregularities. The latter area involves agents that augment or alter certain components of the immune system and are therefore important in cancer and AIDS management (Katzung, 1998). NEW IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTSThe prototype immunosuppressant, cyclosporine was discovered in the 1970s Almost three decades later there is much investigation into the development of novel more effective immunosuppressive drugs (Dale et. al., 1994). Traditionally immunosuppressants have been shown to be important in prolonging the life of transplanted organs. However, purely by their nature they greatly weaken the patients defence mechanism and therefore increase the risk of infection by opportunistic pathogens (Downie et. al., 1995). Traditional thinking advocates these drugs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases where the immune system produces antibodies against various self tissues (Trounce, 1997). However, new approaches (to be discussed later) prefer the use of immunomodulators to treat these disorders. Unfortunately many immunosuppressants are non-specific and lead to therapeutic inconsistencies that produce a wide range of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations between diff erent individuals (Kahan, 1999). Thus the latest drugs are being developed with more specificity in mind. A selection of these new drugs including mycophenalate mofetil, thalidomide, sirolimus and 15-deoxyspregualin, will be provided and their mechanisms of action, when understood, described. Mycophenolate mofetilMycophenolate Mofetil (MM) is a newly developed immunosuppressant which has been proven to be promising in the management of organ transplantation. Introduced in 1997, MM has been mainly utilised in kidney transplantation treatments in conjunction with cyclosporine and corticosteroids (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). When used in the combination described, MM has substantially reduced the incidence of kidney rejection within the first six months following transplantation (Nutley, 1995). This new drug has also been the subject of studies involving liver transplantation where it proved to reduce the incidence of rejection when combined with tacrolimus and steroids without increasing the risk of secondary infections (Jain et. al., 1997). In comparative trials with azathioprine, MM has proved to be more selective and effectively decreases episodes of rejection in renal transplant patients (Barron, 1996). In animal studies MM has been used successfully for heart and pan creatic cell transplantation but further trials are needed to prove efficacy before use on human patients. (Saltiel, 1994). Other recent studies involve the use of MM to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Dureza et. al., 1999). Isolated from the mould penicillum glaucum (Katzung, 1998), MM, brand name cellcept, has greatly improved the ratio of immunosuppressive activity versus side effects (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). Administered orally, MM is hydrolysed to the active metabolite mycophenolic acid in the liver and gastro-intestinal tract and excreted by the kidney in urine. (Barron, 1996). By inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis via only the de nova pathway, MM can selectively inhibit T and B-cell activity (Saltiel, 1994). The result of this action leads to the prevention of T and B-cell proliferation, the inhibition of antibody formation, and the reduction of leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites common in graft rejection. .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postImageUrl , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:visited , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active { border:0!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice's Journey to Find Her Identity EssayThe adverse effects associated with MM are mainly gastro-intestinal and include nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting (Barron, 1996) thus use in patients with known gastro-intestinal complaints should be carefully considered. As with all immunosuppressants, there may be an increased risk of secondary infection but MM does not appear to be a greater threat in this regard compared to the older more conventional drugs. It is as yet unknown if MM may be teratogenic in humans as it has been in some animal studies thus use in pregnancy is ill advised unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the unborn child (Barron, 1996 ). It has also been noted that there is an increased risk of the development of lymphoma and other malignancies with MM treatment which is again common with many of the immunosuppressants (Nutley, 1995). This new drug certainly appears to present less side-effects when compared to traditional immunosuppressive agents. The major drawback associated with MM is the high cost: almost five times that of the traditional immunosuppressant azathioprine. However, considering that one half of kidney transplant patients experience acute episodes of rejection during the first year after transplantation (Nutley, 1995) it would appear that the cost could be well spent in terms of the saving of lives and prevention of suffering. 15-deoxyspergualin15-Deoxyspergualin (DSG) is isolated from bacillus laterosporus and has been successful in the prevention of renal transplant rejection, and may also be beneficial in heart and pancreatic transplantations (Katzung, 1998). Recent studies have shown DSG to have a unique ability among immunosuppressive drugs to reduce long-term survival and functional tolerance of discordant islet xenografts (Thomas et. al., 1995). The potential of DSG as a treatment for autoimmune diseases is also being investigated (Tepper et. al., 1995). Indeed, DSG is proving more effective than tacrolimus (Grebenau, 1999) and less toxic than aziathropine (Thomas, 1995). The mechanisms of action are not entirely understood but appear to result from the suppression of both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (Tepper et. al., 1995). It appears that this new drug needs further rigorous testing but possible future applications particularly in xenografts seem to be encouraging. SirolimusSirolimus (rapamycin) is relatively similar to the more traditional immunosuppressants: tacrolimus and cyclosporine. However, it is much more potent and has distinct uses in the management of kidney and heart allografts (Katzung, 1998). Again, the possibilities of sirolimus as treatment for autoimmune diseases is currently being investigated (Grebenau, 1999) and the drug is currently in phase three trials. The mechanism of action is through cytokine signals which are required for T-cell proliferation (Valantine Schroeder, 1995), that is, Sirolimus acts as a T-cell inhibitor when used in combination with cyclosporine and steroids (Bertolatus, 2000). Major side effects include increased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) and thrombocytopeania (decreased platelet count) (Kelly, et. al., 1997). ThalidomideThalidomide has a problematic history as it produced severe teratogenic effects when used to alleviate diarrhoea and nausea in pregnant women. However, it has since emerged as an immunosuppressant particularly useful in treatments to prevent lung transplant rejection (Katzung, 1998). Thalidomide may also prove beneficial in the treatment of HIV patients particularly those suffering from chronic weight loss as it increases the immune chemical, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (Kahan, 1999).However, mechanisms of action are not further understood and may involve a change of T-cell response to antigens (Katzung, 1998). Treatment of leukaemia is another area of possible thalidomide use (Grebenau, 1999). Obviously, this drug must not be used in the treatment of pregnant women and may also cause side-effects such as drowsiness and skin rashes (Kahan, 1999). Antibodies as immunosuppressantsMilstein and Kohler increased the pharmacological use of antibodies as immunosuppressants via hybridoma technology. This concept involves the fusing of antibody-forming and plasmacytoma cells to produce the required antibody for cloning (Katzung, 1998). The implications of such technology are far-reaching as specificity will be greatly increased using these monoclonal antibodies. As yet studies into treatments for multiple sclerosis using this technology have been inconclusive but appear to be fraught with unintended side effects (Panitch, 1996). Antilymphocyte antibodies have been utilised early after organ transplantation and have had beneficial short term effects but the long term outcomes have been disappointing (Valantine ; Schroeder, 1995). IMMUNOMODULATIONThe immunomodulation branch of pharmacology involves boosting the immune system rather than suppressing it, by using agents to augment the immune response. The potential uses of immunomodulation include the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders, chronic infectious diseases, cancer and AIDS (Katzung 1998). Many cancer patients do not die directly from their cancer but from a secondary infection. It has also been discovered that in the United States of America sixty-five million people suffer from a dysfunctional immune system which can lead to chronic viral infections, AIDS, cancer and autoimmune diseases (Beardsley, 1997)Immmunomodulation ; autoimmune diseaseTraditionally, it has been thought that stimulating the immune system will be harmful for sufferers of autoimmune disorders as it will exacerbate the bodys attack upon self cells. However, recent research suggests that autoimmune diseases maybe due to the dysregulation of the immune system, and that poor thymus functioning results in T4Helper cells losing control of humoral immunity so that antibodies lose their specificity and attack host cells (Beardsley, 1997). Thus immunomodulation in this area could be highly effective. It must be stated that this is merely a theory and that extensive testing is still needed in this area before such drugs can be used safely to treat these disorders. It would appear that immunomodulation is a new and exciting area to be explored with many potential benefits. A selection of these new drugs including levamisole, thymic peptides, roquinimex, and cyclophosphamide will be described in more detail. LevamisoleLevamisole (eramisole) is an immunomodulating agent administered orally with the effect of increasing the number of T-cells. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Hodgkins disease, and is approved by the FDA for the treatment of colorectal cancer after surgery. Recently, levamisole has been tested in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with some efficacy. The side effects involved include mild nausea, stomach pain, dizziness, headache and fatigue (Katzung, 1998). It would appear that there is insufficient research concerning this drug, thus the likelihood that it will be marketed for clinical use in the near future is markedly reduced. Thymosin other thymic peptidesThymic activity is critical to T cell maturation, only mature cells can effectively combat cancer cells and infectious agents. Thymosin conveys specificity to immature lymphoid stem cells and therefore increases the number of active T-cells (Katzung, 1998). However, it has not been yet approved by the FDA (Beardsley, 1997) despite its successes in trials in treatment of diseases of T-cell deficiency such as DiGeorges syndrome (Katzung, 1998). Thymic protein A has proved beneficial in the treatment of hepatitis C, cancer and certain immune disorders via the stimulation of the cell mediated immune system (Beardsley, 1997). Thymopentin and Thymic humoral factor have also been used to treat AIDS as well as cancer and hepatitis. However, other trials suggest that thymosin may stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system, resulting in an increase of serum corticosteroids and the decrease of thymic hormone production. Therefore the impairment of the immune functioni ng will result from thymic treatments rather than the intended increase of the immune response (Bard et. al., 1990) Such new immunomodulators certainly need extensive research before a more suitable form can be identified. CyclophosphamideCyclophosphamide (cytoxan, neosar) is traditionally an immunosuppressant used to suppress a variety of humoral and cell-mediated immune functions (Dale et. al., 1994). However, new developments have proved the immunomodulating function of the drug. Low doses given prior to immunisation with a tumour vaccine can augment the immune response (Katzung, 1998). As such, cyclophosphamide can be used to treat Hodgkins disease, lymphomas, leukemias and other tumours. Rheumatoid arthritis can also be treated by the immunomodulating features of this drug which can be achieved at higher doses than are necessary for immunosuppression (Shorthouse, 1996). Recently, this drug has been used in trials to treat chronic -progressive multiple sclerosis. However, the be nefits proved to be inadequate in balance with the side-effects which included hair loss, fever, oral ulcers (Panitch, 1996), nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anorexia (Shorthouse, 1996). Teratogenic effects make the drug unsuitable for pregnant or breast feeding women and long term toxicities include bladder cancer and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (Panitsh, 1996). In conclusion it appears cyclophosphamide may have some benefit in short-term immunomodulation, particularly as a cytotoxic agent, but long term, high doses will produce a plethora of side effects. .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postImageUrl , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:visited , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active { border:0!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Observation Report of A Child At Elementary School EssayTHC marijuanaTrials in the United States of America in 1995 have tested the use of marijuana in immunomodulation. THC is the component of interest in marijuana which has been demonstrated to enhance the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. The study has also found impairment of immunological functions in persistent marijuana smokers. However, the conclusion is that THC is an excellent tool for studying the mechanisms of immunomodulation, especially altered susceptibility to microbial infection (Friedman et. al., 1995) but further intensive study is needed. RoquinimexRoquinimex (linomide) is not an immunosuppressant, it activates lymphocyte and natural killer cells, therefore acting as an immunomodulator (Panitch, 1996). By stimulating a variety of B and T-cell functions it has been used to treat acute and chronic relapsing multiple sclerosis, with a marked reduction in relapses, disease activity and progression (Katzung, 1998). Although the mechanisms of action themselves are not fully understood it is thought that via activating T-cells these drugs stimulates the production of regulatory cytokines that suppress inflammation and prevent myelin deterioration (Panitch, 1996). Trials in prostate tumour treatment have proved that roquinimex is the most effective drug with a sixty-nine percent inhibition of tumour growth (Joseph ; Isaccs, 1998). Thus roquinimex is emerging as a promising new treatment for cancer and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONTo conclude, recent literature suggests that research into immunosuppression is more wide spread than in the area of immunomodulation. This newer concept certainly needs further investigation but has many potential benefits especially in the treatment of AIDS. Many other agents such as new vaccines and alternatives to antibiotics are being developed, unfortunately due to certain constraints they are beyond the scope of this review. As understanding of natural immune mechanisms is increased, further manipulation of the immune system will be possible. As the millennium begins it appears that the future of immunopharmacology is promising. REFERENCESBard, D.R; Knight, C.G. ; Page-Thomas, D.P. (1990) A Chelating Derivative of Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone As A Potential Imaging Agent For Malignant Melanoma AT ;a href=http://www.Biosyna.com/patent.htm;http://www.Biosyna.com/patent.htmBarron, K. (1996) Mycophenalate Mofetil (Cellcept) A New Immunosuppressant Agent AT ;a href=http://dacc.bsd.uchicago.edu/drug/bulletins/No196.html;http://dacc.bsd.uchicago.edu/drug/bulletins/No19 6.htmlBeardsley, T. R; Pierschbacher, M. ; Wetzel, G.D. (1997) Thymic Protein A: Its Development May Signal A New Tool For Rejuvenating Immune Function AT ;a href=http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag97/july_report97.html;http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag97/july_report97.htmlBertolatus, A. 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Charles I (history) and the english civil war essays

Charles I (history) and the english civil war essays Why did civil War break out in England in 1642? A civil war is a conflict fought between inhabitants of the same country. In this case the two sides that fought against each other in England were the Kings side and Parliaments side. The main reasons for going to war were part of three or possibly four topics; they were Money, Religion, Power, and...Personality. Historians argue that there were problems in the country, which were important and that they made war more likely but the disagreements are about which reason is the most significant for having a civil war break out. Who was more to blame the bad king or the highly demanding parliament? 1625 Charles I becomes king on 1629 Charles starts Eleven Years 1639 War starts in Scotland over 1640 Meeting of the Short and 1642 King tries to arrest leading 1646 Victory at Naseby ensures 1649 Execution of Charles I, the 1660 Charles II is returned to the There were many problems about religion; not only in England style. In Engla ...